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重点论文网    文科论文    英语论文    自然的力量-论杰克.伦敦的《白牙》
创建时间:05-19

自然的力量-论杰克.伦敦的《白牙》

The Power of the Environement
——A Research on Jack London’s White fang
Abstract

   This paper  attempts to show one of the characters of American naturalism in Jack  London’s white fang, that  is the powe of the environment. The author describes the hero---White fang’s subtle changes form a ferocious wolf to a “blessed wolf”in six steps,which are the six stages of White fang’s experience.They are(1) Learning in the wild (2)meeting Gray Beaver (3)being exchanged to Beauty Smith(4)Being dominated by Weedon Scott (5)learning in the new lang (6)Devoting to his master.The author agrees to the influence of the power of the environment,but she points out her disagreement that environment can’t determine human beings but to influence them to some extent. The reasons are: (1)Animals are not equal to human beings.Animals behave  according to comditioned reflex, so they can be dtetrmined by the environment and heredity.(2)Human beings are more complex.There are at least four elements which complement together to determine a person’s develoment. Among them, the subjective flexibility fo an individual plays a great role.

 
The  powet of the Environment
——A Research on Jack London’s White Fang

After the Call of the Wild,Jack London’s another important novel---White Fang was published.If the former is a story of “anti-enlightenment”,the latter is one of “enlightenment’.Because it shows us how awolf is tamed by its environment.It focuses on environment detdrmination,which is one  of the characters of naturalism in America.
  Before we appreciate the power fo environment in White Fang. Let’s talk about how Jack :ondon bedomes a literary maturalist. It’s important for the research on Jack London’s White Fang.As a member at the bottom of society,he grew up in extreme poverty:from his earliest youth,he supported himself and his family with menial and dangerous jobs,experiencing profoundly the struggle for survival.Being jailed for thirty days for vagrancy made him detest the system of exploitation and determine to educate himself in order to improve his own condition and that of others, So like the other intelledtuals, Fack :ondon read a lot about philosophy,economics and sociology in order to know about the world and life . He took faith in Darwin’s survival of the fittest and Herbert Spender’s evolutionary concept of progress.He also embraced the socialist doctrines of Marx.All made him become one of the writers whose ideas of the workings of the universe and whose perception of society’s disorders led them to maturalism, a mew and harsher realism.
  White Fang contains the characters of the works of all the literary maturalists in the miserable life in the society by describing the experiendes of White Fang in the brutal wild,and emphasizes that emvironment and heredity dominated the life of people from low social and economic classes.It is mainly the society the determines the people.So in white Fang,it is mainly the environment, the environment in a broad sense that determines the changes of the hero--- White  Fang.
  According to the changes happened to White Fang, there are six stages iin his life.The first four happen in the Northland.They are:Learning in the mew land and devoting to his master. In order to show the power of the environment. I will show the changes step by step.
   Learning in the wild. Befthe hero appears,Jack London gives us a picture of the wild where the hero will be born and grown up.
          “Dark spruce forest frowned on either side the frozen waterway .The trees had been stripped by a recent wind of their white covering of frost of frost,and they seemed to ward each,black and ominous, in the fading light. A vast silence reigned over the land.The land itself was adesolation,lifeless.There was a hint in it of laughter that was mirthless as the smile of the Sphinx, and as cold as the frost ans partaking of grimness of infallibility. It  was the masterful and incommunicable wisdom of eternity laughing at the futility of life and the effort of life ,It was   the Wild, the savage,frozen-hearted Northland wild.”(White Fang,P11)
  It’s a cruel  place .Because it doesn’t allow that there exists life, but allows the existence of life, but death.”Life is an offense to it ,for life is movement.”The wild aims always to destroy movement.
       “It freezes the water to prevevt it runing to the sea;it drives the sap out of the trees till they frozen to their mighty hearts; and most freociously and terribly of all dose the wild harry and crush into submission,man---man,who is the most restless of life, even in revolt against the dictum that all movement must in the end come to the cessation of movement”(White Fang.P12)
  It is gloomy place and has no civilization.Man is only one who is penetrating the land of desolation and mockery and silence,only puny adventures bent on colossal adventure,pitting themselves against the might of a world as remote and alien and pulseless as the abysses of space.
  In such aworld,White Fang has been born.He is curious about anything.Although he is mot endowed with the ability of thinking as men,his brain can work in dim ways.His conclusions are as sharp and distinct as those achieved by men.H can accept things without asking why and where and how,but he can classify and judge.It is those offered by the environment,which teach him how to classsify and judge.Attracted by the light from the gate of the cave,he crawls toward it,but is crushed down by his mother’s paw.He, for the first time,learns hurt.When he can’t get milk from his mother, he knows that hunger is over him.On the first day he leaves the cave, his instinct of fear is increading because of the unknow world.But when he encounters and eats the seven ptarmigan chicks, he becomes more confident, or even bolder.The lust to kill is so strong on him that he can fight with the mother ptarmingan,but the hawk carries her away at last.Even water, stones atemew for hm, but he learns that they have no ability to hurt others.His mother saves him from a weasel,he felt he meeds his mother more than all the rest of the things in the worlds.So when the lynx mother comes to the cave to revenge for her young lynx,White Fang springs in and sinks his teeth into the hind leg of the lynx, and clings on ,trowling savagely so as to help his mothetr.As an animal in the wild, he learned that the aim of life is meat.Life itself is meat. Life lives on life.There are the eaters and the eaten.He lives in a world and sees the law of “eating or being eaten”,which operates around him on every side. Life is moving to death in this or that violent way .Jack London described,
   “Had the cub thoght in man-fashion,he might have epitomized life as a voracious appetite,and the world as aplace wherein ranged a multitude of appetites,pu

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