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诺曼征服对英国的社会影响


Norman Conquest and Its Social Significance to England


Abstract: Norman Conquest was an invasion carried out by William, the Duke of Normandy. After accomplishing military conquering, William became the king of England, called William I. William I built up the Royal prerogative ruling in England. He depended mainly on the French nobles to carry out his ruling, confiscated the land of resisting Anglo-Saxon noblemen and subinfeudated the French feudal lords who followed him. The important feudal lords subinfeudated themselves land again to their own followers. Subinfeudation of land helped build up feudalism in newly conquered England. In order to consolidate his rule, William I also tried to keep English churches under his control. Norman Conquest accelerated the feudalization in England. Norman Conquest had a great social significance to England. This paper is to study this historical event mainly in three respects, its background, and its process together with its social significance. 
Key Words: Norman Conquest; England; social significance



摘  要:诺曼征服指以诺曼底公爵威廉(约1028~1087)为首的法国封建主对英国的征服。在完成军事征服之后,威廉加冕为英国国王,称威廉一世。威廉一世在英国建立起王权统治。他主要依靠法国贵族进行统治,没收反抗的盎格鲁萨克逊贵族土地,分封给随他而来的法国封建主。大封建主又把自己土地的一部分再分封给下级。通过这种土地分封建立起封建土地的等级所有制。威廉一世还试图将英国的教会控制在自己手中。诺曼征服加速了英国封建化的进程。诺曼征服对于英国社会有着深远的影响。本文主要通过三方面对诺曼征服这一历史事件进行研究, 即从它的背景,过程以及影响来加以阐明。通过这三方面的研究,期望进一步系统了解有关诺曼征服的相关史实,以及它给英国社会所带来的影响。

关键词: 诺曼征服;英国;社会影响
 
CONTENTS
Introduction    1
1.    Background of Norman Conquest    1
1.1 The Normans before Norman Conquest…………………..……….……………1
1.2 William (Duke of Normandy)………………………..………………………….1          
1.3 England before Norman Conquest………………………………………………..…...2
1.4 Harold (King of England)………………………………………………..…...…2
2. Process of Norman Conquest………………………………………...3
2.1 Eve of the War.......................................................................................................3
2.2 Hastings War during the Norman Conquest………………………….…….……4
2.3 Postwar Situation of England…………………………………………………....5
3. Social Significance to England……………………………………….6
  3.1 Introduction of Feudalism  ………………………………………………………6
3.2 Significance to English Churches…………………...…………………………...6     
3.3 Significance to English Tax and Land Reform…………………………………..7      
3.4 Significance to English Law…………………………………………..…............8 
         3.4.1 Reform of the English Laws …………………………..……………..9
         3.4.2 Beginning of Common Law………………………………………...10
3.4.3 Significance to English Law Language……………………………..11
3.5 The Influence of French………………………………………………………...12
Conclusion………………………………………………………………13
Bibliography…………………………………………………………….15

 
Introduction  
The year 1066 was a turning point in English history. In the year, William, the Duke of Normandy, invaded and occupied England and made great changes in society and became one of the outstanding figures in western European history. This matter was called Norman Conquest. After William conquered England in 1066, he acceded to the throne becoming the king of England; he held concurrent post of the Normandy duke at the same time. The dynasty that he built is called the Norman dynasty.  William confiscated Englander's land, has subinfeuded the noblemen and persons having rendered outstanding service to Norman, feudalism system was introduced into United Kingdom. Norman Conquest had a great social significance to England. This paper is to study this historical event mainly in three respects, its background, its process and its social significance. 

1. Background of Norman Conquest
1.1 The Normans before Norman Conquest
While the Danes were swooping down upon England, Northman from the Scandinavia Peninsula was ravaging the northern coast of France. Gradually, these sea rovers and pirates became so strong that they sailed up the Seine River and captured the City of Paris in 845. They plundered and laid waste the country in exactly the same way that the Danes did in England. Finally, the French king was forced to make a bargain with them very much like what Alfred had made with the Danes a few years before. He gave the North leader a large tract of land in the northern part of France on condition that the Northman promises to aid him in war and to accept the Christian religion. The Northman accepted the condition and settled down in their rich and pleasant country which then became very prosperous. They soon lay aside their barbarous way and adopted the French language and custom. Their country took on the name Normandy and they themselves came to be called the Normans.
1.2 William (Duke of Normandy)
The year 1066 was a turning point in English history. In the year, William, the Duke of Normandy, invaded and occupied England and made great changes in society and became one of the outstanding figures in Western European history. Born in France, William was the illegitimate son of Robert I, duke of Normandy, and Arletta, a tanner’s daughter, and was therefore sometimes called William the Bastard. When his father died, the Norman nobles kept their promise to Robert, accepted William as the new duke. Rebellion against the young duke broke out almost immediately, but with the help of Henry I, king of France, he defeated the rebels.   
1.3 England before Norman Conquest
On the eve of Norman Conquest, the king of England was Edward. From childhood, Edward grew in the abbey, sincerely believed in religion, and was called “Edward the Confessor His mother was the Normandy Emma; she was a daughter of Normandy duke. After Danes entered and made a living in England, Edward and his whole family changed residence in Normandy. In 1066, A.D., Edward passed away, did not have a male offspring. On his death-bed Edward chose Harold, Earl of Wessex , to be king in his place. Harold was Godwin’s son, brother of Edward’s wife.” Like Canute, he did not belong to the royal family of England .But he was a Saxon lord. The nobles approved of Edward’ choice and Harold was crowned. He was the final Anglo-Saxon king of England. Since Edward once assigned Normandy duke William to succeed to the throne, therefore while William got to know the information, he presented a memorial to Holy Father immediately, the military officer got over the sea and was determined to strive for a throne with armed might.
1.4 Harold (King of England)
Edward died in 1066. Upon his deathbed he recommended as his successor a great warrior named Harold who was not from the royal family, he was accepted as king only upon Edward’s recommendation. And this gave rise to dispute over his claim to the crown. William, Duke of Normandy, was Edward’s cousin. He claimed that Edward had promised the crown to him before his death. William also claimed that Harold had promised to help him to become the king of England. What he said might be true. He became very angry when he heard that Harold had snapped the crown from him. Harold knew that William would come to measure swords with him .He was prepared to fight, placing an army on the southern coast of England to watch for William’s coming. Several months passed by and William failed to appear. He was abiding his time. When the harvest time in England came, many of Harold’s soldiers went back to their homes to gather in the crops. The coast was thus left undefended. William seized the chance and landed his army in Southeastern England without opposition in September 1066. Harold, who was fighting in the north, hurried back with his men. The two armies met near Hastings in Southeastern England. The Normans, armed with bows and arrows, defeated the Anglo-Saxons who fought with battleaxes. Harold was killed. 
 

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