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金融学银行方向毕业论文外文翻译

International Conference of Lang Fang Urban Economy and Industrial, www.cnki.net, 2010-08-27: 227-232.
Commercial bank risk management study of the status quo and countermeasures
Zhao Jieqiong; Liu Shuanzhu; 
  Wuhan University of Technology; HeBei University of technology.

Abstract: Since Commercial bank produces, risk right away with it together, never leave each other. With the constant development of the banking and aggravation of market competition, banding’s risk demonstrates the complicated and changeable characteristic. To attention and intensification knowing of financial risks with people, intension and idea of risk management of international bank are being deepened constantly, the level is improving constantly too. China is the developing.

Key word: management bank 

Since Commercial bank produces, risk right away with it together, never leave each other. With the constant development of the banking and aggravation of market competition, banding's risk demonstrates the complicated and changeable characteristic. To attention and intensification knowing of financial risks with people, intension and idea of risk management of international bank are being deepened constantly, the level is improving constantly too. China is the developing countries in the course of making the transition, the external economy environment is comparatively complicated, it is relatively unripe that the banking develops, the form of expression of the risk is more special, this has put forward higher requirement for risk  management.  This text will probe into the countermeasure of proposing the risk management level of commercial bank of our country  through an analysis  of risk management  current  situation of commercial bank.
    First, risk management current situation of commercial bank of our country
The commercial bank, in its business activities, besides having business risk which general enterprises face, also have its special business risk. Because of influence and restriction of many kinds of factors, compared with international most advanced level greater disparity exists yet in the risk management level of the commercial bank of our country, meet of our country financial market open current situation in conformity with the requirements for keen competition in an all-round way while being difficult, strengthen and improve one's own risk management and already become a very urgent task that the commercial bank of our country has faced at present.
(One) Risk management idea is being strengthened constantly and weakened step by step. The risk management of the state-run commercial bank starts relatively  late,  risk  management idea and risk take precautions  against consciousness from senior administration and supervision authorities until at the basic level ordinary worker of site appear decreasing trend step by step, walk and weaken the trend to the basic unit step by step from the head office in degree of attention to risk management, the idea of overall risk management is still uncompleted, need to further strengthen from on the thought and procedure.
(Two) Inadequate internal control mechanisms, risk management, weak enforcement. China's commercial banks still can not fully adapt to the internal control to guard against and defuse financial risks of the needs of the bank can not meet the prudential and banking supervision. Bank of the lack of a unified comprehensive system of internal controls and operational rules and regulations, even if the formation of a corresponding system, the system provides a lot of rough, and generally, the ambiguity of the phenomenon, while the system generally weak enforcement.
(Third) The basis of risk management is relatively weak. Small number of risk managers, the lack of good risk management theory and risk measurement technology professionals, there is no professional risk management personnel, human resources become more and more to the lack of grass-roots level to reflect the more obvious unity of the whole line and implement the concept of risk management lack of personnel and implementation of risk management is relatively weak links.
(Four) The relatively backward methods of risk management. China's commercial banks is risk management-based qualitative analysis of along period of time, lack of quantitative analysis, risk identification, measurement, testing and other aspects of scientific enough. In recent years, some domestic commercial banks have begun through the joint-stock reform and an opportunity to learn from foreign banks advanced concepts and methods, and vigorously promote the quantitative short time, analysis of risk management, but because of the use of a relatively the accumulation  of relevant  data  sources based on lack of effectiveness has not yet been reflected, and banks use the model of mathematical statistics, financial engineering methods gap. international advanced and other advanced
Second, China's banking industry risk management to deal with the status quo of a few countermeasures
The face of China's financial status, improve the risk management mechanism for a matter of course become an imminent priority. China's commercial banks to improve risk management, the key to the bank industry to take effective ways to approach, focusing on risk management culture, systems and technology to develop and improve gradually. Concrete measures are as follows:
(One) Establishing a clear risk management strategy. Risk management strategy including risk management objectives, risk tolerance range, the principle of risk management; responsible for the management of capital, that is, to estimate the development of objectives, forecasts of economic capital and regulatory capital gap, the optimal structure of capital planning and financing programs, to determine the regional capital in the economy, business between the main line and the configuration of different industries; of bank risk management plan for long-term investment.
(Two) Perfect risk management system. Our country Commercial bank's risk management organization construction also continues to use under the original planned economy system pattern at present the total branch system, sets up the Branch office according to the administrative area division, under the organization sets up the risk management department. This kind of organization system's malpractice is manages the level, to the market signal to respond that much slow, risk management's independence is bad. In the future the bank risk management's organization system should make the adjustment from two stratification planes, establishes positively with line of business service nature, the scale and the complex degree adapts, consummation, reliable market risk management system: First is must adapt the Commercial bank stockholder's rights structural change, establishes under the board of directors management gradually the risk management organization construction. Next, in risk management's execution stratification plane, must change the administration pattern, realizes the risk management crosswise to extend gradually, the longitudinal management, and realizes the management process flattening in the matrix form management's foundation. In perfect company management structure foundation, establishment mutually independent, vertical risk management  organization frame. The Commercial bank must establish and line of business service nature, the scale and the complex degree adapts, consummation, reliable market risk management system.
(Third) Improve risk management techniques. Advanced risk management technology, is building a system of commercial banks within the environment, including the legal system, accounting auditing systems, such as a modern enterprise  system; a well-established  financial  markets,  risk  management techniques for building effective market environment; attention to the use of modern information technology. At present, the world's more popular approach is to:
①Internal rating and portfolio risk management is an important measure of technology, international advanced banking experience has shown that the accuracy of the internal rating is directly related to the risk of pricing, profitability analysis, portfolio analysis and extraction of the reserve to determine the economic capital and regulatory capital and other aspects of the work, so how to accurately measure the internal risk ratings model is essential.
②authorized to control the process of risk management is an important means of the total. Authorize the simple past, the risks linked with the administrative duties, are not reflected in the risk management mandate of an important role. According to different business characteristics, the difference should be taken to the manner authorized. At the same time, management is authorized by the inevitable result of risk assessment, evaluation of the adoption of dynamic authorization, rights and responsibilities embodied symmetry, authorized management to improve the scientific nature and efficiency.
③Moves ahead the risk management important pass. Must realize the risk management system's transformation thoroughly in the Commercial bank interior, the improvement former Commercial bank interior rules management pattern, realizes take the operation flow as the central risk management system. Carries on the operation flow the transformation, realizes gradually in the Business agency sets up "the risk management window", passes "the window" to transmit and to carry out the risk management policy, "window" the work is responsible directly to the risk management department, the risk management department should have the  recognizing  responsibility  to  the  risk  window  personnel's  assignment qualifications. Like this both has guaranteed the bank risk management unity and the independence, and the source which produces from the service risk carries on the active control, realizes the risk management idea to move ahead, the risk management consciousness arriving in the Business agency.
④Establishment science risk management model. In recent years, the internal commerce bank information technology progressed quickly; one after another has built the respective information processing center, has prepared the condition for risk management's quantitative analysis. The urgent matter is collects, the reorganization to disperse as soon as possible in various departments, various organizations historical data, realizes the entire good service data and the management information in physical and the logical synchronized centralism, establishes the synthesis the database; The specialized risk management personnel take the comprehensive database as the foundations, profits from the international advanced bank in the risk management aspect experience, uses the historical data and the result carries on the examination to the advanced risk management pattern, at the right moment debugs the parameter, from this forms adapts our country national condition risk management model; Using the above model, analyzes in the bank management and operation the risk to open the mouth, the definite asset portfolio  and  the risk management product supplies the leadership decision-making.
(Four) Strengthens the risk management cultural reconstruction. The risk management culture was one kind fused modern Commercial bank essential factors  and  so  on  management  philosophy,  risk  management  idea,  risk management behavior, risk moral standards and risk management environment in a body's cultural strength, was the commercial bank enterprise culture important component. In realizes in the Commercial bank risk management promotion process,  besides establishment perfect organization frame,  but should  also strengthen all staffs risk awareness education, educates and takes the service risk assessment through the widespread risk, trains all personnel sensitivity to risk, leads in all personnel's aware motion the risk awareness penetration, lets each staff realize possibly has the risk to own operating post on, maintains the time vigilance, forms the guard risk the first barrier.
 

REFERENCES
[1] Shaomei Yang Economics and Management Department North China Electric Power University Baoding City, China Junyan Zhao College of Urban and Rural Construction Agricultural University of Hebei Baoding City, China. Study on Commercial Banks Credit Risk Based on AGA and Camel Rating System [A]. Proceedings of 2019 Second International Workshop on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining[C], 2019 . 
[2] Rong Lan~(1,2) Shouqi Zheng~2 1 School of Economic and Finance, Xi’an Jiao tong University 2 School of Electric & Information, Xi’an Jiao tong University Xi'an,Shanxi,China. Commercial Bank Credit Risk Real-Time Value-at-Risk Computing System[A]. 2014 International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications to Business, Engineering and Science Proceedings(Volume Ⅱ)[C], 2014 .
3] Wang Zhidong. Commercial bank risk management status and countermeasures [A]. Langfang City in an extension of economic and industrial clusters - Institute of Applied Economic Langfang second annual Essay Selected [C], 2018. 
[4] Zhao Xing, Wang Qingqing. On Risk Management of Commercial Banks and Risk Prevention [A]. China Institute of Internal Auditors compilation of modern enterprise risk management papers (Volume) [C], 2015. 
[5] into the snow. Based on Core Competence of the Commercial Bank Risk Management [A]. Third National Software Testing Conference and mobile computing, grid, intelligent high-level Forum Proceedings [C], 2019. 
[6] Zhang Xiang, Zhu Hai, the Chuang Chun Kan. On the financial risk and its prevention and resolve - the main commercial banks Financial Risk Prevention and Resolution of [A]. China Management Science Literature [C], 2018. 
 
河北省廊坊市社会科学界联合会汇编, 中国知网, 2010-08-27: 227-232.
商业银行风险管理研究现状与对策
赵洁琼;刘栓柱
武汉理工大学;河北工业大学
摘要:由于商业银行的产生,风险与银行并存,永远不会离开对方。随着银行业竞争的加剧和市场的不断发展,带状的风险表明了复杂和多变的特点。要重视和加强与市民,国内和国际商业银行风险管理的理念正在认识不断深化的金融风险,水平也不断提高。

关键词:管理  银行
前言
因为商业银行的产生,风险与银行并存,永远不会离开对方。随着银行业竞争的加剧和市场的不断发展,带状的风险表明了复杂和多变的特点。要重视和加强与市民,国内和国际商业银行风险管理的理念正在认识不断深化的金融风险,水平也不断提高。中国正处于转型过程中作出的发展,外部经济环境比较复杂的国家,它是相对不成熟,银行的发展,对风险的表现形式更为特殊,这使风险管理提出了更高的要求。本文探讨进入提出了我国商业银行风险管理,通过对商业银行风险管理水平的现状分析对策。
首先,风险管理对我国商业银行的现状
商业银行在其经营活动除了具有一般的商业风险,企业面临的,也有其特殊的经营风险。由于影响和多种因素的制约,与国际最先进水平存在较大的差距然而,在我国商业银行风险管理水平,适应我国金融市场开放的要求符合当前激烈的情况在全面竞争,同时存在困难,加强和改善自己的风险管理,已经成为一个十分紧迫的任务,我国商业银行目前面临的。
(一)风险管理的理念正在不断加强,逐步减弱。该国有商业银行风险管理起步较晚,风险管理理念和风险要到基层的普通工人现场出现下降的趋势,逐步对来自监管部门的高级管理和防范意识,步行和削弱的趋势对由总部在加强风险管理的重视程度基本单位的步骤,全面风险管理的理念仍是未完成的,需要进一步加强从思想和程序。
(二)没有充分的内部控制机制,风险管理,执法不力。中国的商业银行还不能完全适应的内部控制,防范和化解了银行金融风险的需要,不能满足审慎监管和银行监管。银行统一的内部控制和操作规则和法规缺乏全面系统,即使形成相应的制度,该系统提供一种新的粗糙很多,概括而言,模糊的现象,而系统普遍薄弱的执法。
(三)风险管理的基础比较薄弱。风险管理人员数量少,良好的风险管理理论和风险计量技术的专业人才缺乏,没有专业的风险管理人员,人力资源越来越向基层缺乏反映比较明显的统一整体行和落实人员和风险管理,薄弱环节实施风险管理缺乏概念。
(四)风险管理相对落后的方法。中国的商业银行是风险管理为主的沿时间,定量分析,风险识别,计量,检测和科研等方面缺乏足够的时间进行定性分析。近年来,国内一些商业银行已经开始通过股份制改造,并有机会学习国外银行先进的理念和方法,大力推广定量短的时间内,风险管理分析,但由于使用了一种相对关于有效性缺乏相关的数据源为基础的积累尚未反映出来,银行利用数理统计模型,金融工程方法的差距。国际先进,其他先进
第二,中国的银行业的风险管理,来处理一些的状态现状对策
对中国的财政状况面临,完善的过程中成为一个迫在眉睫的优先事项,风险管理机制。中国的商业银行改进风险管理,对本行业内的关键,采取有效的方式方法,对风险管理文化,制度和技术为重点的逐步发展和完善。具体措施如下:
(一)制定明确的风险管理策略。风险管理策略,包括风险管理目标,风险承受能力范围内,风险管理原则为资本管理,就是要估计目标的发展,预测经济资本和监管资本缺口,资本规划的最优结构和融资计划,以确定在经济区域间资金的主要路线和不同行业的配置,经营;银行风险的长期管理计划投资。
(二)完善的风险管理系统。我国商业银行的风险管理组织的建设也将继续按照原有计划经济体制模式的使用,目前总分行系统,建立根据该组织的分支机构按行政区域划分,建立了风险管理部。这种组织制度的弊端,就是管理水平,向市场信号作出反应那么多慢,风险管理的独立性差。在未来的银行风险管理的组织体系应该从两个层面的调整,建立积极与业务服务的性质,规模和复杂程度相适应,完善,可靠的市场风险管理系统线:首先是要适应商业银行股东的权利结构改革,建立领导下的管理委员会,风险管理逐步组织建设。其次,在风险管理的执行层面,必须转变管理模式,实现风险管理横向延伸渐渐地,纵向管理,实现管理过程中的矩阵形式管理的基础平坦。在完善公司治理结构的基础上,建立相互独立,垂直的风险管理组织框架。商业银行必须建立,业务范围服务的性质,规模和复杂程度相适应,完善,可靠的市场风险管理体系
(三)提高风险管理技术。先进的风险管理技术,正在建设一个在环境中的商业银行体系,包括法律制度,会计审计制度,如建立现代企业制度;一个完善的金融市场,建立有效的市场环境风险管理技术;注意利用现代信息技术。目前,世界上比较流行的做法是到:
①内部评级和投资组合风险管理是一个重要技术措施,国际先进银行的经验表明,内部评级的准确性直接关系到定价,盈利能力分析,投资组合分析和准备金提取的风险,确定经济资本和监管资本和其他方面的工作,因此如何准确地测量内部风险评级模型是至关重要的。
②授权,以控制风险管理过程的总的重要手段。过去简单的授权,与行政职务挂钩的风险,不反映在风险管理的一个重要的角色任务。根据不同的业务特点,其差额应当采取的方式授权。同时,管理是由风险评估,对动态授权,权利和责任,体现了对称通过评估,获认可的必然结果,提高管理的科学性和效率。
③向前推进风险管理的重要通行证。必须认识到在商业银行内部风险管理制度的彻底改造,改善商业银行内部规则的前管理模式,以实现为中心的风险管理系统操作流程。在操作流程进行了改造,实现了业务部门逐步树立“风险管理窗口”,通过“窗口”,发送和开展风险管理政策,“窗口”的工作直接负责的风险管理部门,风险管理部门应具有的风险窗口人员的任职资格确认的责任。这样既保证了银行风险管理的统一和独立,是从源头上产生的服务的风险进行有效控制,实现风险管理的理念向前推进,风险管理意识,在业务部门抵达。
④建立科学的风险管理模式。近年来,国内商业银行信息技术的进步很快,相继建成了各自的信息处理中心,编写了风险管理的定量分析条件。当务之急是收集,整理分散在各部门尽快,各种组织的历史数据,实现整个数据和良好的服务理信息在物理和逻辑同步集中,建立综合数据库;风险管理人员的专门以此为基础的综合数据库,从国际风险管理方面的经验,先进的银行利润,利用历史数据和结果进行在以先进的风险管理模式研究在适当的时候,调试参数,从这个形式适应我国国情的风险管理模式;使用上述模型,分析了该银行经营管理的风险开口时,明确资产组合和风险管理产品提供了领导决策。
(四)加强风险管理文化建设。风险管理文化是一种融合于一体的文化力的现代商业银行基本因素及管理理念,风险管理理念,风险管理行为,这样,风险道德标准和风险管理环境,是商业银行企业文化的重要组成部分。在实现在商业银行风险管理推广过程中,除了建立完善的组织框架,但还应该加强全体员工的风险意识教育,教育和需要通过广泛的风险服务的风险评估,培训的所有人员对风险的敏感度,领先于所有人员的认识运动的风险意识的渗透,让每一个员工了解可能发生的风险,自己的工作岗位上,保持警觉的时间,形成防范风险的第一道屏障。
 
参考文献
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