工程管理毕业论文外文翻译

 绿色建筑防治污染

摘要：本文通过介绍绿色建筑理念，从选址设计、建材选取、能源使用等方面出发，结合俄亥俄州等地的真实案例，阐述了绿色建筑在房地产建设中的现实意义，为今后房屋建设及现有建筑改造做好污染防治提供帮助。

关键词：绿色建筑；设计和选址；环保材料；现有建筑改造；能源效率

引言（工程管理毕业论文外文翻译）
       随着自然资源、能源的加快发展，我国的基础设施的维修需求正以惊人的速度增长，但天然资源对这方面的填补正在迅速下降。从经济角度来看，这个过程不能延续很长时间。在这种情况下，建筑业已开始着手解决对经济和环境的不良影响。对建筑商而言，要在不断变化的市场中保持竞争力，就需要从根本上改变建筑设计、建筑方法和建筑材料，以便为客户提供更环保，经济的，可持续发展的产品。而“绿色建筑”的提出，不单是形容一个实际的建筑，更是一种概念，包括结构设计，选址，建筑方法，建筑材料和环境美化。因而绿色建筑也被称为“可持续设计”或“高性能建筑”。绿色建筑采用污染预防的理念，加大环境的保护，提高居民的健康。绿色建筑的理念适用于住宅，商业和工业建设项目。绿色建筑的优势在于：1. 降低使用和维护费用; 2. 尽量减少建筑废料; 3. 保护居住者的健康; 4. 保护生态系统; 5. 更舒适的生活空间; 6. 融入绿色建筑与周围景观; 7. 更大吸引力的有长期价值的建筑物; 8. 可持续的经济支持。

1 设计节能建筑
        建筑行业对环境最大的影响之一是其长期的能源消耗。因此，如何通过设计使建筑物尽可能低的利用能源，需要高度关注。能源效率由设计和建造的建筑物决定，进而影响环保性能。精心设计的建筑物与精心设计的机器的不同，他们可以更久，更有效地使用，并保留在其整个生命的价值更高。作为评价绿色建筑的投资价值的重要工具，“生命周期评估”决定了精心设计和建造建筑物的长期回报。许多工具可以有效地计算高性能建筑投资价值。
    第一步是设计给定的位置，最节能的结构。高建筑物供暖要求，包括绝缘和高性能窗，尽可能密闭的建筑物。最大限度地减少冷风通过建筑的方向，仔细考虑通风负载，选择门窗玻璃，灯光设计，景观设计和热量等各种因素。建筑物应利用最节能的采暖，制冷，照明和机械系统。只要有可能，考虑可再生能源来满足能源需求。通过选择低流量装置和废水回收，可大大降低水的成本。

 2  可循环建筑及环保材料
       只要有可能，利用现有的建筑物，而不是发展开放空间和基础设施。现有建筑物经常包含物质财富和建筑艺术价值。在某些情况下，现有的工艺和结构材料是不可能复制今天的质量，使修复更有价值。当恢复或翻新建筑物时，最大限度地提高能源效率，应该是一个设计师和建设者优先考虑的。原料取自地面或从森林采伐，污染物可能会在生产过程中产生的。然而能源是消耗在整个周期（提取，制造和运输）中。材料可能在其采购，安装或使用中产生污染物。有些材料还具有明显的环境和成本处置的相关影响。低环境影响和高资源利用效率的材料使用应该贯穿在整个建设和维护过程中。 “绿色”材料的特点是：
     （1）材料对生产者，建设者，居住者和环境的毒害和影响尽可能小。
     （2）材料有很长的使用周期，需要经过很长一段时间来取代他们。
     （3）材料耗能尽可能低，最低不可再生的内容和最低的环境影响。
相对于环境，影响几乎总是越小越好。因此，使用最低限度的必要材料和产生最少的废物应是任何项目的目标。最好的选择是一个项目或绿色建筑可能是规模结构，以适应其用途。

  3  节约用水
       可以通过在建筑物安装节水管道装置及用具提高用水效率。在室外环境中，通过低水利用植物分离并利用景观灌溉，地下水补给以及通过提供有效的雨水渗透设计，达到园林绿化的目的，实现用较少的水，创造一个亮丽的风景线。

 4  保护和提升生态网
        避免建筑建立在脆弱的生态系统中或具有生态价值的环境中，如湿地，古老的森林或原生草原等。如果你无法避免它，即便是最小的土地改动也必须高度重视。在施工开始前，首先制定一个计划，其次在施工期间要注意树木，原生植物和表层土地的保护。这个过程已经从开发成本的角度来分析经济效益。与此同时，因提供负责任的保护措施，搭建现场污水处理系统，以减少地表水和地下水的污染。许多现存的和创新的污水回用处理系统，可以降低成本，且比传统化粪池系统去除污染物的效果更好。对已破坏的生态，要做出补救措施，修复并试图重新恢复的影响本地物种的生态网。
            
 4.1真实案例一：绿色建筑在俄亥俄州
        坐落在欧柏林大学校园的约瑟夫刘易斯亚当环境研究中心保持了“绿色”可持续建筑模式。刘易斯中心的目的是要挑战在处理与环境的关系的社会观点。这是我们如何创造和设计一个建筑物，这将使未来几代人的最小生态影响论证。从施工到环境美化，中心采用了该领域最先进的设备以及最先进的技术：
4.1.1材料
1．构造的低毒性，耐用，低成本维护材料
2．再生材料，尽可能使用在整个设施上
3．由森林管理委员会认证的所有木材生长在可持续管理的森林
4.1.2太阳能设计
1．建立面向沿着一条东西轴线的太阳能光板，以最大限度地提高了太阳能的潜力
2．光伏（PV）位于天台。高效节能窗的位置，使建筑的每一个房间的日光。对光伏系统的业务数据采集处理现在可在网络上实现，并提出提高整体建筑性能的措施。
4.1.3能源效率
1．安装高能效的照明装置
2．建造内墙节能材料
3．照明，取暖和通风都配置在有需求的房间内，不空置客房
4．提供地热井及额外的加热和冷却水的使用和处理系统，利用和再利用该建筑的废水
5．提升室内空气质量
6．低VOC的油漆和粘合剂
7．新鲜空气通风，经常保持整个建筑
4.1.4能源效率
1．植物原产于俄亥俄州北部
2．池塘和湿地可以进一步清理和雨水径流
4.2真实案例二
克里夫兰生态村项目的目的是展示城市街道，由于旧的城市需要重建，而且这种再生需要顾及生态设计和长期可持续性。该项目的网站是围绕着一个中转站，这将减少人们对汽车的依赖。该项目将包括250多个新的住房和混合使用的商业发展计划，将减少步行的货物和服务的距离。建筑需要建立在“绿色建筑”的概念之上。 Toincreasea社区意识，房屋将靠近人行道，将会有一个共享的花园区。整个社会以及自行车道内都是丰富的绿色空间。
4.3真实案例三：丹尼森大学环境研究的麦克菲尔中心
        该项目是针对现有建筑物，丹尼森校园改造。首先将建筑涂料的毒性降低到最低；其次把旧的供暖系统转化为一个高效率的天然气锅炉系统；同时还加强了再生材料的改造，添加未来计划包括光电板增加。
4.4真实案例四：俄亥俄州的都柏林健康住宅
        美国肺脏保护协会旨在促进改善在室内空气质量。在都柏林，位于该示范家庭是努力设计建筑围护结构和有效的能源使用量的影响最小新鲜空气交换机械系统。该项目提供了一个如何提高整个俄亥俄州的住房室内空气质量的例子。
       克利夫兰绿色建筑住宅项目
       该项目是美国能源部（DOE）的“健康建筑”计划的一部分，将满足美国能源部能源之星和美国肺脏协会健康住宅方案的标准。这些房屋是建筑科学设计公司在波士顿设法提高其产品质量的其中之一。这些财团的经验教训将被共享，改进和扩大，包括在每个新房子采用更多的绿色建筑构件。

Pollution Prevention by Building Green（工程管理毕业论文外文翻译外文）

Abstract: This paper introducing the concept of green building, from site design, materials selection, energy use, etc., combined with Ohio and other places in the real case, described the construction of green buildings in the practical significance of real estate for future housing construction and the existing Building renovation to help make pollution prevention and control.

Keywords：Green building, design and site selection, environmental materials, transformation of existing buildings, energy efficiency

  Introduction
    The natural resources and energy required for the development and maintenance of our country’s infrastructure are growing at a staggering pace, yet the availability of natural resources to fill this demand is rapidly declining. From an economic standpoint, this process cannot continue long. In recognition of this situation, the building industry has begun to address the economic and environmental consequences of its practices. For builders to remain competitive in a changing market, fundamental changes in design, building methods and materials are necessary. The building industry is now delivering products that are much more environmentally and economically sustainable.
     The term “green building” describes more than just an actual building. “Green building” is a concept that includes the design of the structure, site selection, building methods, building materials and landscaping practices. Green building may also be referred to as “sustainable design” or “high-performance building.”
     Green building employs the concepts of pollution prevention to enhance the health of the community, as well as the health of the environment. The principles of green building are equally applicable to residential, commercial, and industrial building projects. Benefits of building green include:
   • lower utility and maintenance costs;
   • minimization of construction waste;
   • protection of occupant health; 
   •protection of ecosystems; 
   •more comfortable living space; 
   •green buildings blend in with the surrounding landscape; 
   •attractive buildings with greater long-term value; 
   •supportive of local and more sustainable economies.

   1  Design and Build Energy- efficient Buildings
     One of the greatest environmental impacts of a building is its long-term consumption of energy. Therefore, designing buildings for the lowest possible energy use should be a high priority. Decisions about energy efficiency that are made during the design and construction of a building establish the environmental performance of that building for decades to come. Economic savings that accrue over the useful life of a building represent an important investment opportunity. Well-designed buildings are no different than well-designed machines; they last longer, operate more efficiently and retain higher value throughout their life. A significant tool in evaluating the investment value of green building is “Life Cycle Assessment.” This determines the long-term returns of well-designed and constructed buildings. Many tools are available for effectively calculating the value of investing in high-performance building.
      The first step is to design the most energy efficient structure for the given location. In buildings with high heating requirements, incorporate high levels of insulation and high-performance windows, and make buildings as airtight as possible. In areas where cooling costs are important factors, minimize cooling loads through careful consideration of the building’s orientation, ventilation, glazing selection, lighting design, landscaping and thermal mass.
Buildings should utilize the most energy efficient heating, cooling, lighting and mechanical systems. Whenever possible, consider sources of renewable energy to meet energy demand. By selecting low-flow devices and looking for opportunities for waste－water reuse, water costs can be greatly reduced. When considering building materials, try to utilize products that have the lowest “embodied energy” (energy needed for the extraction, manufacturing and transport of the material).

2    Reuse and Recycle Buildings and Building Materials
   Whenever possible, utilize existing buildings and infrastructure instead of developing open space. Existing buildings often contain a wealth of material and architectural value, and contribute to a sense of place. In some cases the workmanship and quality of existing structural materials is impossible to replicate today, making the restoration all the more valuable. When restoring or renovating buildings, maximizing energy efficiency should be a priority for designers and builders.
     Much of the environmental impact associated with building materials is already realized by the time the materials are installed. Raw materials are extracted from the ground or harvested from forests, and pollutants may be generated during manufacture. Energy is consumed throughout the entire cycle (extraction, manufacturing and transport). Materials may emit additional pollutants during their application, installation or use. Some materials also have significant environmental and cost impacts associated with disposal.
Low environmental impact and resource efficient materials should be utilized throughout the building and maintenance process. Characteristics of “green” materials are:
     •materials that are as non-toxic as possible for the producers, builders, occupants and the environment;
     •materials that have a long, useful life, requiring less materials or energy over time to replace them; and
     •materials that have the lowest embodied energy, lowest non- renewable content and lowest environmental impact (where harvested and where installed).
Smaller is almost always better, relative to the environment. Therefore, using the minimum necessary materials and generating the least waste should be the goal of any project. The single best alternative to green a project or building may be to size the structure to fit its intended use.

3  Save Water
    You can achieve water efficiency in a building by installing water-efficient plumbing fixtures and appliances. You also can achieve water efficiency outdoors in many ways. By landscaping with low-water-use plants, separating and using gray water for landscape irrigation (where codes permit), and providing for ground water recharge through effective storm water infiltration designs, you will need less water to create a beautiful landscape.

 4  Protect and Enhance the Site
     Avoid building in fragile eco- systems or ecologically significant environments, such as wetlands, old-growth forests and remnant stands of native prairie. If you can’t avoid it, minimal alteration to the land must be a high priority.
Before construction begins, develop a plan to protect trees, native plants and topsoil during construction. This procedure also has economic benefits from a development cost perspective. With on-site wastewater systems, provide responsible retention/ treatment to minimize surface and ground water pollution. Many innovative wastewater reuse and treatment systems now exist. These systems can reduce costs and do a better job at removing pollutants than conventional septic systems. On sites that have been ecologically damaged, make an effort to remediate impacts and reintroduce native species.

 4.1 Green Buildings in Ohio

     The Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies on the campus of Oberlin College is a model for “green” sustainable buildings. The Lewis Center was designed to challenge the way society views its relationship with the environment. It is a demonstration of how we can create and design a building that will make a minimal ecological impact on future generations. From construction to landscaping, the Lewis Center has made use of state-of-the-art technology in areas such as:

4.1.1 Materials
•Constructed from low-toxicity, durable, low-maintenance materials
•Recycled materials were used whenever possible throughout the facility
•All wood is certified by The Forest Stewardship Council to be grown in sustainably- managed forests

4.1.2 Solar Design
•Building is oriented along an east-west axis, to maximize the solar energy potential
•Photo voltaics (PV) located on the rooftop. Energy efficient windows are positioned to allow daylight into every room of the building. Operational data of the PV system is now available online, along with overall building performance measures. 

4.1.3 Energy Efficiency
•Energy-efficient lighting installed throughout
•Interior walls constructed of energy-efficient materials
•Lighting, heating and ventilation are all on demand; energy is not used when rooms are unoccupied
•Geothermal wells supply additional heating and cooling
 A living machine is utilized to treat and reuse the building’s waste water. Operational data for the living machine and building water use is available online .

4.1.3 Indoor Air Quality

•Low-VOC paints and adhesives used
•Fresh air ventilation is constantly maintained throughout the building
•Plants native to northern Ohio were planted
•A pond and wetland exist to further clean runoff and storm water
 The Cleveland Eco Village project aims to demonstrate how urban neighborhoods can be good for people and good for the earth. As old cities are redeveloped, it is vital that this regeneration take into account ecological design and long-term sustainability. The site for the project is centered around a transit station, which will lessen dependence on automobiles. The project will consist of more than 250 units of new housing and mixed-use commercial development, which will put people within walking distance of the goods and services they desire. Buildings are to be built with the “green building” concept.  Toincreasea sense of community, houses will be located close to sidewalks, and there will be a shared garden area. Abundant green space is to be incorporated throughout the community as well as a bike path.

4.2 Mc Phail Center for Environmental Studies at Denison University

This project is a renovation of an existing building, Barney Hall, on the Denison campus. Finishes and coating for the building were of the lowest toxicity possible. The old heating system was converted to a high-efficiency natural gas boiler system. Extensive use of recycled content materials were used in the renovation. Future plans include the addition of photovoltaic panels.

4.3 Ohio Lung Association’s Dublin Health House

The American Lung Association seeks to promote improvements in indoor air quality. Located in Dublin, OH, this demonstration home is an effort to design building envelopes and mechanical systems for effective fresh air exchange with minimal impact on energy usage. This project provides an example of how to improve the indoor air quality of housing throughout Ohio.

4.4 Cleveland Green Built Homes Project Houses

       The project is part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) “Building America” program, and will meet the standards of the U.S. DOE Energy Star and American Lung Association Health House programs. The houses were designed by Building Science Corporation in Boston, which leads one of four consortiums of builders that seek to raise the quality of their products. Lessons learned in these consortiums will be shared, refined and expanded to include more green building components in each new house.